托福閱讀同義詞替換

現(xiàn)在留學(xué)的學(xué)生越來(lái)越多，留學(xué)可以開(kāi)闊眼界，也能學(xué)習(xí)不一樣的教育體制，而且國(guó)外名校眾多，教育水平也一流。下面小編就來(lái)和大家說(shuō)說(shuō)“托福閱讀同義詞替換”這個(gè)問(wèn)題

托福 閱讀同義詞替換

第一種：?jiǎn)卧~替換

這一類(lèi)型替換其實(shí)是語(yǔ)言中最容易辨別的，也就是單詞會(huì)以原形進(jìn)行不同的變化。總共有兩種不同的變化;

1. 同義詞/近義詞

原文：The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in594B.C.,when he broke the aristocracy's strangle hold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding...

題目：According to paragraph3,an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to

[A]make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly

[B]make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office

[C]help the aristocrats maintain power

[D]Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens

原句中的broke the aristocracy’s strangle hold on elected offices 這句話中的broke 為否定詞，替換成近義詞否定，成為否定前綴non-， 而aristocracy 則替換成同義詞，替換成aristocrats。

TPO40 P1T9中也考察了類(lèi)似變化

原文：Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures...

題目：According to Paragraph 4, one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to

[A]ensure that every region had the same number of commissioners

[B]distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens region

[C]limit the number of aristocratic clans

[D]reduce the importance of family connections

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中的weakening 同義替換成D選項(xiàng)中的reduce，近義詞變化，因此答案選D。

這一類(lèi)型同義替換最主要是考察對(duì)于單詞的認(rèn)知，最常見(jiàn)就是相近相似單詞的變化，所以在辨識(shí)度上面比較容易，對(duì)于這樣的同義替換現(xiàn)象，其實(shí)只要針對(duì)固定的單詞進(jìn)行背誦，也就是托福常考的單詞類(lèi)型背誦，其實(shí)就可以大大避免錯(cuò)誤量。

2. 詞組同義替換

TPO40P1T8

原文：By the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out,andin508B.C.a new reformer, Cleisthenes gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already underway.

題目：The tyrants were driven out, and in 508B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy

本題中出現(xiàn)的同義替換是詞組的同義替換，gave final form替換成completed the weakening , 雖然單詞不是特別的難，但是重點(diǎn)在于閱讀時(shí)不能只閱讀單詞，而是要以意群式閱讀，以詞組或者是短語(yǔ)為閱讀單位，這樣就不容易被此類(lèi)干擾項(xiàng)混淆。

第二種：邏輯關(guān)系詞變化

這一種同義替換經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在邏輯關(guān)系的句子中，也就是句子主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在單詞上并不會(huì)有很大的變化，但是關(guān)系詞變化比較明顯，一般在平行結(jié)構(gòu)(and, but,or )或者在因果關(guān)系上最為明顯。

如：TPO33P3T3

原文：However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.

題目：3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.

B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.

C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.

D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.

該長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)是2個(gè)長(zhǎng)句的并列;主要分成2個(gè)意思：第一是沒(méi)有任何一種生物能永遠(yuǎn)地統(tǒng)治，第二是恐龍滅亡之后，哺乳動(dòng)物開(kāi)始發(fā)展統(tǒng)治，且兩層意思之間可以構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。所以只有B選項(xiàng)滿足所有條件。從此題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在備考過(guò)程中一定要熟悉句子內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系，如讓步，轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比還有因果等關(guān)系等。

這一類(lèi)型的同義替換最重要是能判別出前后二者的關(guān)系為何，一旦明確關(guān)系后就可以根據(jù)邏輯連接詞進(jìn)行干擾項(xiàng)的排除，快速解題。

第三種：句子信息概括

這一類(lèi)型的同義替換是所有變形中最難也是托福閱讀中最難的一部分，大多數(shù)情況下這類(lèi)型句子原文會(huì)比較長(zhǎng)，甚至有可能是兩句話， 而答案會(huì)稍短一些，將兩句話中的內(nèi)容綜合就可以得出答案。

舉例說(shuō)明：

TPO 40 P1T1

原文：One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800B.C.to500B.C.was the rise of the polis, or city-state,and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.

題目： Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?

A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.

B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.

C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.

D. By 500B.C.the city-states were no longer powerful.

題目中的句子是針對(duì)原文中那么長(zhǎng)的一句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括， 每一個(gè)城邦有一種適應(yīng)其特征的政權(quán)概括起來(lái)就是不同的城邦有不同的政權(quán)，因此答案應(yīng)該為C。

本題的概括性其實(shí)并沒(méi)有很難，重點(diǎn)在于了解句意， 并且知道該句的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容究竟在何。

如果遇到更長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)的句子，那么重點(diǎn)就在反復(fù)討論的內(nèi)容和重點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)為何，這一點(diǎn)在TPO31P3T3上特別明顯：

原文：In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.

According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that

A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.

B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.

C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.

D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.

本題的答案其實(shí)就是根據(jù)該段中的for example一句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括后得出，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原句句子很長(zhǎng)且單詞比較具體，而答案中信息則是簡(jiǎn)潔明了。這就是典型的概括性同義替換，同時(shí)題目難度也增加了。應(yīng)對(duì)這一類(lèi)型題目，需要了解句子中的相關(guān)關(guān)系，擯棄過(guò)于細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容，抓主干即可。

托福閱讀復(fù)雜句的解題技巧

托福閱讀的文章中，復(fù)雜句也是難道很多同學(xué)的地方。其實(shí)復(fù)雜句看似很難，只要大家掌握到了解答的技巧，一樣能夠輕松搞定這類(lèi)句子。為大家整理了相關(guān)的技巧，供大家參考。

1簡(jiǎn)單句即基本句，就是英語(yǔ)在最簡(jiǎn)單句子中的基本格局、也是千變?nèi)f化的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的雛形?；揪湫椭饕形宸N：

主-動(dòng)-補(bǔ)(動(dòng)詞就是我們所說(shuō)的系動(dòng)詞)

主-動(dòng)(動(dòng)詞就是我們所說(shuō)的不及物動(dòng)詞)

主-動(dòng)-賓(動(dòng)詞也就是我們所說(shuō)的及物動(dòng)詞)

主-動(dòng)-賓-賓(第三種類(lèi)型的引申)

主-動(dòng)-賓-補(bǔ)(這個(gè)復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)，但是我們經(jīng)?？吹降膭?dòng)詞固定表達(dá)就是屬于這一種)

2復(fù)雜句也就是我們經(jīng)常說(shuō)的“從句”。從句的目的也是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言邏輯的精髓就是“修飾關(guān)系”，也就是在一個(gè)句子里表達(dá)更多的內(nèi)容和信息。

比如“跟別人告別的時(shí)候用力一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槟愣嗾f(shuō)一句，可能就是最后一句，多看一眼，可能就是最后一眼…”這是屬于原因狀語(yǔ)從句、主句卻還是一個(gè)“祈使句”。再如“在這個(gè)憂傷而明媚的三月，我從我單薄的青春里打馬而過(guò)，穿過(guò)紫堇，穿過(guò)木棉，穿過(guò)時(shí)隱時(shí)現(xiàn)的悲喜和無(wú)常?！边@個(gè)句子，明明就是一個(gè)單句，雖然有“在”、但是后面卻接的是一個(gè)“三月”，整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)是“我”。

我們?cè)賮?lái)看幾個(gè)托福TPO里的句子你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)并不難。

The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slop isoften a dramatic one.

肢解開(kāi)開(kāi)分析起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單多了，大家能不能一眼看到句子的核心呢?這句話的核心含義是：過(guò)渡帶很劇烈。

Within a ver tical distance of just a few tens of meters, treesdisappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.這句話的意思是：在…，樹(shù)消失…和被…代替。

This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.這句話的意思是：這個(gè)什么XX的“地帶”叫...。

In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or dese rt at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.這句話里有了where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，但是把它找出來(lái)也就不難理解句子了。這句話的意思為：在…, 有timberline，(一堆東西修飾了timberline)。

托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)文章及段落結(jié)構(gòu)解析

托福閱讀考試的文章題材種類(lèi)比較多，來(lái)源廣泛，因此也增加了大家的考試難度。其實(shí)針對(duì)不同類(lèi)型的閱讀文章，也有一定的技巧。今天我們重點(diǎn)來(lái)講解的是托福閱讀中的學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)解析。

1.托福閱讀文章之學(xué)術(shù)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)

在托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分：

(1)Topic 話題：即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史事件;

在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置。考生可以根據(jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個(gè)歷史事件，則方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期;

在這種托福閱讀題材中，往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體;

(3)Attitude態(tài)度：即文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度。或是積極肯定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。

在托福文章中，態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致討論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)

托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分：(1) Topic Sentence

主旨句：表達(dá)段落的主旨，即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;

(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié)：為了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明段落中心含義，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容，即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié)，這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。

總結(jié)：當(dāng)考生們了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后，對(duì)文章框架的把握就會(huì)做到心里有數(shù)，更有利于提高托福閱讀速度和定位有效信息的準(zhǔn)確度。

通過(guò)上文的內(nèi)容介紹，大家對(duì)“托福閱讀同義詞替換”大家是不是有了一個(gè)大致的了解呢？如果大家還想了解更詳細(xì)、更多的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，則可以繼續(xù)關(guān)注本頻道，也可以向本頻道咨詢。

>> 雅思 托福 免費(fèi)測(cè)試、量身規(guī)劃、讓英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)不再困難<<