雅思雙語閱讀人工智能可以用沉默騙過圖靈測試

2024-08-04 09:25:02 來源：中國教育在線

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Alan Turing, considered the father of theoretical computer science and AI, devised the Turing test in an attempt to outline what it means for a thing to think.

In the test, a human judge or interrogator has a conversation with an unseen entity, which might be a human or a machine.

The test posits that the machine can be considered to be thinking or intelligent if the interrogator is unable to tell whether or not the machine is a human.

Also known as the imitation game, the test has become an often-erroneous standard to determine if AI have qualities like intellect, active thought, and even consciousness.

In the study, Taking the Fifth Amendment in Turings Imitation Game, published in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence by Dr. Huma Shah and Dr. Kevin Warwick of Coventry University, the researchers analyzed six transcripts from prior Turing tests and determined that, when the machines fell silent, the judges were left undecided about their interlocutors humanness.

The silence doesnt even need to be intentional. In fact, it tended to result from technical difficulties.

The idea [for the study] came from technical issues with a couple of the computer programs in Turing test experiments, Shah tells Digital Trends.

The technical issues entailed the failure of the computer programs to relay messages or responses to the judges questions. The judges were unaware of the situation and hence in some cases they classified their hidden interlocutor as unsure.

The silent machines may have baffled their judges, but their silence helped expose a flaw in the exam rather than confirm its utility, which Warwick says this raises serious questions regarding the Turing tests validity and ability to test thinking systems.

We need a much more rigorous and all-encompassing test to do so, even if we are considering a machines way of thinking to be different to that of a human, he tells Digital Trends.

Shah meanwhile notes that the test was designed to give a framework within which to build elaborate machines to respond in a satisfactory and sustained manner, not to build machines that simply trick judges.

In short, the systems are meant to imitate human conversation and no human who takes the test seriously would fall silent. Right?

Well, they might, thinks Warwick. One thing that I have learnt from such tests is that hidden human entities will almost surely do unexpected and illogical things, he says.

In this case a human could easily get upset or annoyed by something a judge has said and decide not to replythey are human after all.

An alternative view is that the Turing test has already been undermined by the current state of AI.

Shah says she agrees with Microsofts Chief Envisaging Officer in the UK, Dave Coplin, who thinks the machine vs. human challenges are no longer relevant.

At the AI summit in London in May, Coplin pointed out that, given enough resources, at the rate AI is advancing, developing an intelligent machine doesnt seem all that farfetched.

The role of AI is to augment human performance with intelligent agents, Shah says.

For example, a human educator using an AI to score student assignments and exam questions leaving the teacher time to innovate learning, inspiring students, encouraging more into STEM, including females, for a better life or world of cooperation.

From this perspective, its absurd to develop an AI whose sole goal is to fool a human into thinking its humanespecially if the simplest way to do so entails making it mute.

阿蘭圖靈被認為是計算機科學理論和人工智能理論之父，他設(shè)計發(fā)明了圖靈測試，用于了解機器的思維方式。

在測試中，人類測試者或問詢者將在看不到對方的情況下，與一名人類或一臺機器進行對話。

這個測試假設(shè)的前提是，如果該人類測試者無法判斷對方是機器還是人類，則可以認定這臺計算機是有思維的或智能的。

圖靈測試，也被稱為模擬游戲，已經(jīng)成為了判定人工智能是否具備智力、思維活躍和意識的一個錯誤標準。

考文垂大學的博士呼瑪沙和凱文瓦維克于《人工智能實驗與理論》期刊上發(fā)布了在圖靈模擬游戲中運用美國憲法第五條修正案的研究報告，其中，研究人員們分析了之前圖靈測試的六份報告，并認為當機器陷入沉默時，人類測試者們便難以判定對話者是否為人類。

這樣的沉默甚至無需故意為之。實際上，沉默出現(xiàn)的原因是技術(shù)上的一些問題。

沙說道：這份研究報告的想法來源于圖靈測試實驗中計算機程序的一些技術(shù)問題。

這些技術(shù)問題使得計算機程序無法向人類測試者傳遞信息，或回答他們的問題。測試者們是不知道這個情況的，因此，在個別情況中，他們把自己的對話者分類為不確定。

計算機陷入沉默可能會迷惑人類測試者們，但是，這也恰好泄露了圖靈測試的瑕疵，而非驗證其實用性。瓦維克稱，這對致力于測試計算機有效性和思維能力的圖靈測試來說是個很嚴重的問題。

他對Digital Trends說：即便我們認為機器和人類的思維方式不同，我們還是需要進行更加嚴格和全面的測試，才能測定。

與此同時，沙還提到，圖靈測試的設(shè)計意圖，是為制造能以令人滿意的方式給出反應(yīng)的精細計算機，并使之保持一貫性搭建一個架構(gòu)。

簡單來說，這些系統(tǒng)是用來模仿人類對話的，而接受測試的人中沒有人會突然沉默的。對嗎?