劍橋雅思13Test4閱讀passage3真題翻譯(2)

劍橋雅思13Test4閱讀passage3真題翻譯(2) 關(guān)于這個問題下面小編就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test4閱讀passage3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Book Review

書評

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business

Sold Us Well-Being

By William Davies

評William davies的《幸福產(chǎn)業(yè):政府和大企業(yè)如何向人們推銷幸?！?/p>

Bentham was also a pioneer of the ‘science of happiness’. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 4set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century’.

Benthan也是所謂“幸?？茖W(xué)”的先驅(qū)如果幸福被當(dāng)作一1門]科學(xué),那么它必須能夠被衡量, Bentham提出了兩種可能的方法他認(rèn)為幸福是多種諭悅感的混合休,可以通過測量人體脈搏率進(jìn)行量化?；蛘呖梢杂秘泿胚M(jìn)行量化:如果兩種不同的商品具有相同的價格,則可以認(rèn)為它們在消費(fèi)者中產(chǎn)生等量的幸福感 Benthan對后一種方法更感興趣。Davies寫道, Benthan通過將金錢與內(nèi)在心理活動緊密地聯(lián)系起來,他“為心理學(xué)研究和資本主義的關(guān)聯(lián)奠定了基礎(chǔ),這將塑造20世紀(jì)的商業(yè)行為”。

The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being’: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson’s reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change’ becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a ‘Behaviour Insights Team’ has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways.

《幸福產(chǎn)業(yè)》一書描述了幸?？茖W(xué)的研究如何成為資本主又的組成部分,我們了解到了很多關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)問題如何被診斷為心理疾病并施以治療的新鮮事此外, Davies還提到了種觀點(diǎn)、(即內(nèi)部快樂與痛苦可以得到客觀的衡量)是如何啟發(fā)管理學(xué)研究和廣告領(lǐng)域的。行為主義創(chuàng)始人 dB Watson等思想家傾向于認(rèn)為,決策者和管理者可以塑造告或操縱他人Watson并沒有事實(shí)依據(jù)來證明他對人類行為的觀點(diǎn)1915年他成為美國心理學(xué)協(xié)會主席時,他“甚至從來沒有研究過人類”:他的研究對象僅限于白鼠:但 Watson的簡化模式、現(xiàn)在被廣泛應(yīng)用,導(dǎo)致政府將“行為改變”定為目標(biāo)。比如,在英國,政府已經(jīng)建立了“行為洞察小組”來研究如何用最少的經(jīng)費(fèi)來鼓勵人們過上社會認(rèn)可的生活。

Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom.

現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會似乎需要不斷增長的幸福感來激勵人們工作:但無論其知識背景如何,政府應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)促進(jìn)幸福這一觀念永遠(yuǎn)威脅著人類的自由。

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