托福閱讀真題Official 49 Passage 1（三）

托福閱讀真題Official 49 Passage 1（三）

Ancient Coastlines

Information on past climates is primarily of relevance to archaeology because of what it tells us about the effects on the land and on the resources that people needed to survive.The most crucial effect of climate was on the sheer quantity of land available in each period,measurable by studying ancient coastlines.These have changed constantly through time,even in relatively recent periods,as can be seen from the Neolithic stone circle of Er Lannic,in Brittany,France(once inland but now half submerged on an island)or medieval villages in east Yorkshire,England,that have tumbled into the sea in the last few centuries as the North Sea gnaws its way westward and erodes the cliffs.Conversely,silts deposited by rivers sometimes push the sea farther back,creating new land,as at Ephesus in western Turkey,a port on the coast in Roman times but today some five kilometers inland.

Nevertheless,for archaeologists concerned with the long periods of time of the Paleolithic period there are variations in coastlines of much greater magnitude to consider.The expansion and contraction of the continental glaciers caused huge and uneven rises and falls in sea levels worldwide.When the ice sheets grew,the sea level would drop as water became locked up in the glaciers;when the ice melted,the sea level would rise again.Falls in sea level often exposed a number of important land bridges,such as those linking Alaska to northeast Asia and Britain to northwest Europe,a phenomenon with far-reaching effects not only on human colonization of the globe but also on the environment as a whole—the flora and fauna of isolated or insular areas were radically and often irreversibly affected.Between Alaska and Asia today lies the Bering Strait,which is so shallow that a fall in sea level of only four meters would turn it into a land bridge.When the ice sheets were at their greatest extent some 18,000 years ago(the glacial maximum),it is thought that the fall was about 120 meters,which therefore created not merely a bridge but a vast plain,1,000 kilometers from the north to the south,which has been called Beringia.The existence of Beringia(and the extent to which it could have supported human life)is one of the crucial pieces of evidence in the continuing debate about the likely route and date of human colonization of the New World.

The assessment of past rises and falls in sea level requires study of submerged land surfaces off the coast and of raised or elevated beaches on land.Raised beaches are remnants of former coastlines at higher levels relative to the present shoreline and visible,for instance,along the Californian coast north of San Francisco.The height of a raised beach above the present shoreline,however,does not generally give a straightforward indication of the height of a former sea level.In the majority of cases,the beaches lie at a higher level because the land has been raised up through isostatic uplift or tectonic movements.Isostatic uplift of the land occurs when the weight of ice is removed as temperatures rise,as at the end of an ice age;it has affected coastlines,for example,in Scandinavia,Scotland,Alaska,and Newfoundland during the postglacial period.Tectonic movements involve displacements in the plates that make up Earth’s crust;Middle and Late Pleistocene raised beaches in the Mediterranean are one instance of such movements.

Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand,pebbles,or dunes,sometimes containing seashells or piles of debris comprising shells and bones of marine animals used by humans.In Tokyo Bay,for example,shell mounds of the Jomon period(about 10,000 to 300 B.C.E.)mark the position of the shoreline at a time of maximum inundation by the sea(6,500–5,500 years ago),when,through tectonic movement,the sea was three to five meters higher in relation to the contemporary landmass of Japan than at present.Analysis of the shells themselves has confirmed the changes in marine topography,for it is only during the maximum phase that subtropical species of mollusc are present,indicating a higher water temperature.

Question 5 of 14

By indicating that flora and fauna of isolated or insular areas were often“irreversibly affected”by the changes due to the Ice Age,the author means that the flora and fauna were

A.unable to return to their previous conditions

B.in a constant state of change

C.completely destroyed by human colonization

D.unevenly distributed across the area

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：修辭目的題

題干分析：該題考查句間關(guān)系。題干部分是對(duì)冰川融化和冷凍效果的舉例說(shuō)明，說(shuō)明這些動(dòng)植物受到了不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的影響。

選項(xiàng)分析：

A選項(xiàng)：不能回到原來(lái)的狀態(tài)是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故正確。

B選項(xiàng)：持續(xù)變化和不可逆轉(zhuǎn)矛盾。

C選項(xiàng)：定位句說(shuō)的是海平面反復(fù)升降的影響，不是被人類殖民毀滅的原因。

D選項(xiàng)：分布不均勻，屬于無(wú)中生有。

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 2,all of the following are true of Beringia EXCEPT:

A.It may have been used by the people who first colonized North America.

B.It may have been large enough to support life.

C.It was probably still four meters under water during the glacial maximum.

D.It was probably a vast plain.

正確答案：C

題目詳解

題型分類：否定事實(shí)信息題

原文定位：關(guān)鍵詞：Beringia；根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到：“When the ice sheets were at their greatest extent some 18,000 years ago(the glacial maximum),it is thought that the fall was about 120 meters,which therefore created not merely a bridge but a vast plain,1,000 kilometers from the north to the south,which has been called Beringia.The existence of Beringia(and the extent to which it could have supported human life)is one of the crucial pieces of evidence in the continuing debate about the likely route and date of human colonization of the New World.”都是關(guān)于一片海平面劇烈下降產(chǎn)生的陸地，命名為Beringia的信息。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容來(lái)定位句中定位。

選項(xiàng)分析：

C選項(xiàng)：和原文“When the ice sheets were at their greatest extent some 18,000 years ago(the glacial maximum),it is thought that the fall was about 120 meters,”相悖，故為正確選項(xiàng)。

A選項(xiàng)：對(duì)應(yīng)文中“is one of the crucial pieces of evidence in the continuing debate about the likely route and date of human colonization of the New World.”的內(nèi)容。

B選項(xiàng)：對(duì)應(yīng)文中“and the extent to which it could have supported human life”的部分。

D選項(xiàng)；對(duì)應(yīng)文中：“which therefore created not merely a bridge but a vast plain”的部分。

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