雅思閱讀素材鐵桶人紙牌屋

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（圖片轉(zhuǎn)自百度）

IT MUST seem to Donald Trump that reversing globalization is easy-peasy. With a couple of weeks still to go before he is even inaugurated， contrite firms are queuing up to invest in America. Last week Ford cancelled a $1.6 billion new plant for small cars in Mexico and pledged to create 700 new jobs building electric and hybrid cars at Flat Rock in Michigan—while praising Mr Trump for improving the business climate in America. Other manufacturers， such as Carrier， have changed their plans， too. All it has taken is some harsh words， the odd tax handout and a few casual threats.

特朗普肯定覺(jué)得逆轉(zhuǎn)全球化易如反掌。離他正式就任尚有一兩周，一家家幡然悔悟的公司已紛紛開(kāi)始投資于美國(guó)本土。上周，福特取消了在墨西哥投資16億美元建設(shè)小型車新工廠的計(jì)劃，承諾在密歇根州的福拉特洛克（Flat Rock）創(chuàng)造700個(gè)生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)車及混合動(dòng)力車的新職位，同時(shí)還稱贊特朗普改善了美國(guó)的商業(yè)環(huán)境。其他各家生產(chǎn)商，如開(kāi)利（Carrier），也都已改變了計(jì)劃。特朗普所做的只是說(shuō)了幾句難聽(tīng)的話，給了些莫名其妙的稅收好處，信口威脅了幾家企業(yè)。

Mr Trump has consistently argued that globalization gives America a poor deal. He reportedly wants to impose a tariff of 5% or more on all imports. To help him， he has assembled advisers with experience in the steel industry， which has a rich history of trade battles. Robert Lighthizer， his proposed trade negotiator， has spent much of his career as a lawyer protecting American steelmakers from foreign competition. Wilbur Ross， would-be commerce secretary， bought loss-making American steel mills just before George W. Bush increased tariffs on imported steel. Daniel DiMicco， an adviser， used to run Nucor， America’s biggest steel firm. Peter Navarro， an economist， author of books such as “Death by China” and now an adviser on trade， sees the decline of America’s steel industry as emblematic of how unfair competition from China has hurt America.

特朗普一貫辯稱全球化為美國(guó)帶來(lái)的只是樁不劃算的買賣。據(jù)說(shuō)他想對(duì)所有進(jìn)口商品施加5%甚至更高的關(guān)稅。他集結(jié)了一些顧問(wèn)，以助自己一臂之力。這些人都有鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的背景，而這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)有著豐富的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)歷史。特朗普提名羅伯特·萊特希澤（Robert Lighthizer）任貿(mào)易代表，此人職業(yè)生涯的相當(dāng)一部分時(shí)間都在做律師保護(hù)鋼鐵企業(yè)免遭外來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。而獲提名擔(dān)任商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)的威爾伯·羅斯（Wilbur Ross）則在小布什提高進(jìn)口鋼材關(guān)稅之前大舉收購(gòu)虧損的鋼鐵廠。顧問(wèn)丹尼爾·迪米科（Daniel DiMicco）曾掌管美國(guó)最大的鋼鐵企業(yè)紐柯（Nucor）。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、《致命中國(guó)》（Death by China）等書的作者彼得·納瓦羅（Peter Navarro）如今擔(dān)任貿(mào)易政策的顧問(wèn)。他認(rèn)為美國(guó)鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的衰退是來(lái)自中國(guó)的不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)傷害美國(guó)的典型表現(xiàn)。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟(jì)類高頻詞匯：

globalization 全球化

tariff 關(guān)稅

trade negotiator 貿(mào)易談判代表

trade battles 貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

steel firm 鋼鐵公司

But the steel business is not a model for trade policy in general and companies are capable of being tricksy， too. Mr Trump may simply be looking for good headlines， but if he wants more， his plans threaten to be an expensive failure.

然而鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)并不是制定一般貿(mào)易政策時(shí)可參照的范本，而企業(yè)也能偷奸耍滑。特朗普或許只是想謀求些叫好的新聞?lì)^條，但如果他想要的不止于此，那么他的那些計(jì)劃可能就會(huì)成為代價(jià)高昂的失敗。

The miller’s tale（鋼鐵業(yè)的傳說(shuō)）

One reason is that Paul Ryan， the Speaker of the House of Representatives， said last week that Congress would not be raising tariffs. Executive orders are bad politics and can get Mr Trump only so far. Another is that Ford’s plans are not as simple as they look. It will still build its new small car in Mexico—at an existing plant. But above all， Mr Trump gravely underestimates the complexity of messing with tariffs.

一個(gè)原因是，眾議院議長(zhǎng)保羅·瑞安（Paul Ryan）上周表示國(guó)會(huì)并不會(huì)提高關(guān)稅。行政命令是糟糕的政治手段，特朗普借此能達(dá)成的目的也很有限。另一個(gè)原因是福特的計(jì)劃并不像看上去那么簡(jiǎn)單，它仍將在墨西哥生產(chǎn)新的小型車——只不過(guò)是在現(xiàn)有的工廠里而已。然而最重要的問(wèn)題還是特朗普嚴(yán)重低估了干涉關(guān)稅這種行為的復(fù)雜后果。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟(jì)類高頻詞匯：

Representatives 代表

underestimates 低估了

The men of steel are right to complain about China. Its government has indeed subsidized its steelmakers， leading to a glut that was dumped on the world market. Successive American governments have put up tariffs to protect domestic producers （in 2016 the Obama administration placed a tariff of 522% on cold-rolled Chinese steel）， as has the European Union.

鋼鐵業(yè)者有理由抱怨中國(guó)。中國(guó)政府確實(shí)向本國(guó)鋼企提供了補(bǔ)貼，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致超量的鋼鐵傾銷至世界市場(chǎng)。接連幾屆美國(guó)政府都提高關(guān)稅以保護(hù)本國(guó)生產(chǎn)商（奧巴馬政府在2016年曾向來(lái)自中國(guó)的冷軋鋼材征收522%的關(guān)稅），歐盟也曾采取過(guò)這樣的措施。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟(jì)類高頻詞匯：

glut 過(guò)剩

dump 轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)

domestic producers 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)商

Yet this way of thinking fails to deal with the question of whether an ample supply of cheap steel courtesy of a foreign government is really so terrible： it benefits American firms that consume steel—and they earn bigger profits and employ more people as a result. Moreover， trade in most goods and services is not like steel. America’s biggest import from China is electrical machinery. China’s government does not subsidise the overproduction of iPhones which are then dumped on the market， causing iPhone-makers in America to be laid-off. Instead， a smartphone might be designed and engineered in California and assembled in China， using components made or designed in half a dozen Asian and European countries， using metals from Africa. Likewise， every dollar of Mexican exports contains around 40 cents of American output embedded within it. For producers of such goods， tariffs would be a costly disaster. American steelmakers might seek out government protection. Apple and its kind will not.

不過(guò)上述這種思路并沒(méi)有問(wèn)過(guò)這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：承蒙一個(gè)外國(guó)政府為自己提供了充足的廉價(jià)鋼鐵，這事是不是真的那么糟糕。消耗鋼材的美國(guó)公司從中受益，它們利潤(rùn)增加進(jìn)而雇用了更多的員工。更重要的是，大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)的貿(mào)易都與鋼鐵貿(mào)易不同。美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口最多的是電機(jī)。中國(guó)政府并未向iPhone的過(guò)量生產(chǎn)提供補(bǔ)貼，隨后大量投放市場(chǎng)的iPhone也沒(méi)有造成在美國(guó)制造該手機(jī)的工人失業(yè)。實(shí)際上，一款智能手機(jī)也許在加州設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)，在中國(guó)組裝，使用六七個(gè)亞洲和歐洲國(guó)家制造或設(shè)計(jì)的部件以及來(lái)自非洲的金屬。同樣地，從墨西哥進(jìn)口的每一美元的商品中就包含著美國(guó)約40美分的產(chǎn)值。對(duì)于這種商品的生產(chǎn)者來(lái)說(shuō)，關(guān)稅就意味著代價(jià)慘重的災(zāi)難。美國(guó)的鋼鐵企業(yè)也許得尋求政府的保護(hù)，但蘋果及其同類則不會(huì)。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟(jì)類高頻詞匯：

laid-off 下崗

output 輸出

seek out 尋找

government protection 政府保護(hù)

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